October 12, 1892

“One nation, under God, with liberty and justice for all.” Do these words violate the religious freedom guaranteed by our Constitution? A federal court declared the Pledge of Allegiance unconstitutional. Is this absurd? Or is this religious freedom? Read more about the history of the Pledge, and its controversy at these five sites.

American Treasures: A Matter of Conscience
In 1935, ten-year-old Billy Gobitas wrote to his Pennsylvania school board explaining that he wouldn’t recite the Pledge of Allegiance because it violated the biblical commandment not to worship any “graven images.” He and his sister were expelled from school for their beliefs. As you learn about the three ensuing court decisions, consider the similarities and differences with the recent Newdow case.

[Continue reading Pledge of Allegiance]

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