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Archive for March 22, 2008

Microsoft and the Rootkit

Several days ago, it was reported that Microsoft purchased another company that concerns itself mainly with the detection and elimination of rootkits. Rootkits, for those not aware, are nasty little programs that winnow their way into your system ( running a Microsoft OS) and establish virus like activity, all the while being undetectable by normal methods.

The first time most of us became aware of rootkits was when Sony BMG started putting one on some of its copy-protected compact discs. The idea was to prevent successful copying of the discs, but the side problem was that the rootkit was taking up processor time. The guys from SysInternals, now a part of Microsoft, were the ones to track the problem down. Once identified, the rootkit was able to be removed by the SysInternals guys, and a very large backlash, including a class-action lawsuit was started against Sony.

The new purchase, of Komoku, is another case where something must be getting found by an outside company, where Microsoft cannot seem to get a handle on its own operating systems. Or, possibly, the company has discovered another rootkit method that Microsoft wishes to keep secret, and quash most public knowledge thereof.

In any case, an operating system that was not designed to hide things from the user would be far more useful to most, and would not have netted so much ill will toward Microsoft.

from Betanews -

Microsoft announced today that it acquired startup Komoku, a company specializing in rootkit detection and protection solutions. The deal marks Microsoft’s second purchase related to fighting rootkits.

Komoku is headed by sixteen-year information security veteran Dr. William Arbaugh, and former Silicon Graphics Inc. and Atheros Communications engineer Jeffrey Chung.

The Maryland-based group was founded in 2004 and has worked extensively with U.S. government agencies including the Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security.

The company offers both hardware and software-based solutions geared toward larger-scale enterprise deployments. Komoku’s CoPilot PCI card monitors the host’s memory and file system, and its Gamma software solution finds operating system anomalies attributable to rootkit infection.

In 2005, Microsoft warned of the impending threat of rootkits, which at the time were largely undetectable by consumer antivirus applications. Rootkits, by design, are intended to establish a command position at root, or administrative, level.

The risks posed by rootkits was thrust into the public spotlight in 2005 when Sony BMG was found to be using rootkit cloaking technology to hide digital rights management software on customers’ computers. Outrage over the incident led to a class action lawsuit, and a public apology from Sony BMG executives.

In late 2006, Microsoft acquired the company behind Rootkit Revealer and hired its creator Mark Russinovich, who first uncovered the rootkit used by Sony BMG.

Although it may seem strange for Microsoft to be acquiring a second rootkit-related firm, the company intends to integrate Komoku’s technologies into its Forefront enterprise security line and Windows Live OneCare consumer security and support solution. The financial details of the transaction were not made public, but Microsoft will acquire Komoku’s development team as well as its intellectual property.

No one has ever accused Microsoft of bad purchase decisions!

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[tags] Komoku, Microsoft, rootkit, SysInternals, buying your way to quality

[/tags]

What is Damping Factor, and Why Do I Need a High One?

Damping factor is something that most enthusiasts who have been around high fidelity for less than ten years know nothing about. Why you ask? From my perspective, it would seem that anyone interested in a high damping factor would not be looking for anything in the under $1000 category, as most amplifiers in that class have a poor one, and simply producing audio of any quality is a remarkable achievement.

gon8.audiogon.com_i_c_f_1148232512 this Threshold S500 has a damping factor of well over 1000:1…beauty, eh?

The term damping factor refers to a ratio of the internal impedance of the amplifier to the characteristic impedance of the speaker driven by it. Obviously this would vary widely, as each speaker has its own characteristic impedance, and also, since speakers are a reactive load, it would be hard to specify across the frequency spectrum. In order to be uniform, the speaker load of 8 ohms, purely resistive, is assumed.

Quality amplifiers will have a damping factor of at least 100:1. Many really exotic, and very high quality amplifiers will have a damping factor of 1000:1 or more.

By now, I’m sure many wonder why this ratio is called damping factor, and why anyone concerned with great sound should be concerned with it. Damping factor affects the way the music sounds, as it refers to how well ‘damped’ any cone movements are. The larger the ratio, the more capable the amplifier is of controlling the movement of the speaker drivers. It is most apparent in the bass, but has an effect all through the audible range.

When listening to a system with an amplifier of high damping factor, the bass will be extended, but very clean. The woofers will not overshoot, and any muddiness in the bass will be due to the program material, more than the amplification chain. This is not to say that an amp of high quality will make the bass of a Cerwin Vega (a speaker known for boomy, muddy bass) turn into the bass of a reference series speaker, but a marked change will be observed, and heard.

www.a1components.com_images_thumbs_CER1001t this Cerwin Vega is popular with the crowd that likes the tizz and boom sound, but a good amplifier will tame much of that boom!

As complete specifications are harder and harder to find for any audio or video equipment these days, it might be difficult to assess damping factors. Any piece of equipment that is worth your time will have a manufacturer willing to send you a more complete set of specifications, so do a little looking, or writing, and see what you find.

When talking about damping factor, it is imperative to know that each part of the amplification chain is significant. This is why quality speaker cable of sufficient size is necessary for quality reproduction. Now, some will tell you that huge rope-like wires are needed. While that would be nice, and WOULD make a difference, it is impractical, and most significant others would frown on both the aesthetics and cost of such a move. On the other hand, I would never think of using less than 16 gauge multistranded copper wire for any installation, and any move you can make upwards in size will bring dividends in sound. Some wire suppliers, like Monster, have larger gauge wire made to look as inconspicuous as possible, so that may be the ticket for your installation.

ecx.images-amazon.com_images_I_31CK5H3ETML._AA280_ www.dsdimages.com_Images_29_Medium_DHMC103188 a couple of examples of high quality speaker cable, which helps maintain the high damping factor, AudioQuest, Kimber, and Monster all make great speaker cables.

Damping factor is not the be-all-and-end-all of amplifier specifications, but it goes a long way toward getting good quality sound.

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