TECHTip

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
PIM SM [Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode] uses the “pull” model to deliver/receive multicast data traffic. Sometimes called pullcasting, data is only sent when data is requested (asked for).
Multicasting is not always used within a single network or AS [Autonomous System].
An AS is a group [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
Here are a few words on SLA [Service Level Agreements]. In most cases they are NOT worth the paper they are written on. For example, explain the following in lay terms: When the packet/cell delivery in a 30-day continuously measured period every five minutes falls between the [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
This is a review of Cisco router switching modes. It is recommended that a review of Cisco’s router product line and a detailed understanding of the various router platforms such as small, medium and high-end routers be completed prior to any examination.
Cisco uses various types of switching [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
SISO [Single Input Single Output] systems, or single frequency - single antennas are subject to space, time, and frequency fading.
MIMO [Multiple Input Multiple Output] or multiple antennas and/or multiple frequencies which increases coverage, increase data rates, and reduces c0-channel interference.
Linear Polarization is the direction of the E [Electric] field [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
Let’s review the OSI [Open Systems Interconnection] model to understand the role of different protocols and their functions in a data network.
SOAP [Simple Open Access Protocol] defines how to package/format a database request (OLAP) as an XML string (bits of data) that can be transported via HTTP [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
The “flood” process is how routers accumulate their state (routes) information (multicast trees). That is, routers “advertise” their routes (addresses) and operations (available, busy, and broken).
The “prune” process is how routers eliminate their state (routes) information (multicast trees). IGMP [Internet Group Management Protocol] (routing protocol) is used [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
This is an introduction to the planning for QoS [Quality of Service] and SLA [Service Level Agreement]. Simply, your performance is QoS and the guarantee is the SLA. That is, if you are not receiving the desired QoS from your provider, you refer to the SLA for [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
This is a review of Cisco router switching modes. It is recommended that a review of Cisco’s router product line and a detailed understanding of the various router platforms such as small, medium, and high-end routers be completed prior to any examination.
Cisco uses various types of switching [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
Here is another technical presentation on four types of Patch antennas:

Conventional SP [Shorted Patch]

Folding of a Conventional SP

Folded SP

Conventional Rectangular Patch

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
SOAP [Simple Open Access Protocol] defines how to package/format a database request (OLAP [On Line Analytical Processing]) as an XML string (bits of data) that can be transported via HTTP [Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol] (Layer 5-7).
SOAP sends the data via Applications - Layer 5-7 HTTP via Transport - [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
IGMP [Internet Group Management Protocol] (routing protocol) is used between IP host routers and their immediate neighbor (routers) multicast agents to support the allocation of temporary group addresses and addition/deletion of group members. IGMP is used by routers to discover (advertise) group members. Multicasting routing protocols (how packets [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
As long as each carrier or AS [Autonomous System] knows what value of QoS [Quality of Service] for the label and routes it accordingly, each carrier can determine their own labeling system. That is, if each AS carrier routers video as video or email as email or other known [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
This is a review of Cisco router switching modes. It is recommended that a review of Cisco’s router product line and a detailed understanding of the various router platforms such as small, medium, and high-end routers be completed prior to any examination.
At the onset, the Interface Process Buffer [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
The IANA [Internet Numbers Authority] has assigned the old Class D 224.0.0.0 through 224.0.0.255 address space to be for group multicasting. Here are some examples of commonly known multicast addresses:

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
When crossing networks, the MPLS [Multiprotocol Label Switching] label may be swapped by the LSR [Label Switch Router] to the new label or not changed.
As long as each carrier or AS [Autonomous System] knows what value of QoS [Quality of Service] for the label and routes it accordingly, [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
Queuing theory is a complex series of mathematical calculations based on algorithms or “rules of thumb.” That is, the queuing algorithm is the amount of data specified by the byte-count for each queue. This means that even though the queue is not busy, data traffic may be [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
The length of a rectangular patch can be reduced from a /4 to /8 wavelength by inserting a Folded Patch called a stacked shorted-patch structure. The resonant frequency can be varied by changing the distance between the upper and lower shorted-patches. That is, moving the Upper and [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
Here is a case study of how an auto repair shop is connected via .NET linked with a parts distributor to the parts manufacturer to provide JIT [Just In Time] parts delivery.
.NET uses XML [eXtensible Markup Language], a data formatting standard that can be integrated into OLAP [On-Line [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
The basic concept of IP Protocol Multicast is to provide data to multiple receivers (like PCs, wireless devices, Internet-equipped televisions, or radios) with the least bandwidth and router processing (routing and storing large files).
This is a complex challenge with more and more uses involved with broadcasting of radio, television, [...]

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.
In a PWE3-PPVNP [Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Network], there may be more than one label. If one label is not enough, PPVPNs may add more. These labels may exist within the network but may be removed or “popped” as they leave the network to the customer premise [...]