Signaling - From Steppers To SIP And Beyond

The animated TECHTip Tutorial is available here.

There are six major call signaling control protocols (depending on how you define signaling):

• Electro-Mechanical Tip & Ring Signaling

• Digital PBX [Private Branch eXchange]
• SS7 [Signaling System 7]
• Skinny Protocol - Cisco proprietary call control
• SIP [Session Initiation Protocol]
• MGCP [Media Gateway Control Protocol]
• H.323 International Standard Multi-Media - ISDN [Integrated Services Digital Network] protocol
  
  This tutorial attempts to explain some of their basic signaling functions and how they are used today and in emerging VoIP [Voice Over Internet Protocol] systems.

  One of the challenges is translating (also called normalizing or resolving) 15 digital telephone numbers to 32-bit IPv4 or 128-bit IPv6 addresses. The ITU-T [International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications] telephone numbering standard that specifies the telephone number-type address format used for ISDN [Integrated Services Digital Network] or analog networks for global telephone terminations. Telephone number addresses are a maximum of 15 digits and are a geographically oriented (hierarchical structure - area-city codes, exchange codes which are well-suited to worldwide routing) and are assigned by carriers. Internal country numbers often exceed 15 digits. In contrast, other addressing schemes (such as for the IP addresses for the Internet) are organizationally oriented ITU-T standard E.164 (Numbering Plan for the ISDN Era) is the same as ITU-T standard I.331.

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